Apparatus and method for enabling optimized gateway selection for inter-working between circuit-switched and internet telephony

ABSTRACT

An optimized gateway selection process of the present invention is based on a universal mobility manager (UMM), a component for inter-technology location management. The UMM is capable of holding location information for diverse cellular networks, as well as for Internet telephony systems. For cellular networks, UMM acts as a traditional HLR; for an Internet telephony network, it acts as the entities that are responsible for user/terminal registration (registrar in SIP, gatekeeper in H.323) and address resolution (proxy server in SIP, gatekeeper in H.323). An optimal gateway selection is possible based on location related information provided by the UMM which had not previously been available. Utilizing the newly available information enables a gateway to be selected which may, for example, enable the circuit switched portion of a call to now be minimized.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/055,333 filed Jan. 23, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,633,896, entitledApparatus and method for Enabling Optimized Gateway Selection ForInter-Working BETWEEN Circuit-Switched and Internet Telephony, thecontent of which application is incorporated herein by reference.

This application and pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/055,333are related to commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No.09/813,016 entitled Multiple-Protocol Home Location Register and Methodof Use by LaPorta et al., filed Mar. 19, 2001, the content of thatapplication being incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of communicationsnetworks and more particularly to methodologies for Inter-workingbetween a circuit-switched network and Internet telephony applications.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Inter-working between a circuit-switched network and Internet telephonyrequires that the call be routed via an appropriate signaling and mediagateway. This gateway, which appears as an end device to both involvedtechnologies, translates the signaling messages and the media streamsbetween the two involved signaling protocols and media formats.Optimization of the selection of one particular gateway for a callessentially means to best meet the selection policies of the involvedparties, i.e., caller, callee, network and gateway providers. Thesepolicies are typically based on criteria such as: minimizing trianglerouting; minimizing the circuit-switched call leg (e.g. to minimizecost); and maximizing the provisioned Quality of Service (which can beviewed to mean to minimize the Internet call leg); and gateway capacityand load balancing.

For inter-working calls from an Internet telephony user agent to afixed-wire PSTN network the originating technology, i.e. the originatingInternet telephony network, knows the location of the party to be calledby the structure of its E.164 phone number. Consequently, the gatewayselection process can be based on knowledge about the entire resultingcall path, and can thus be optimized towards the selection criteriamentioned above.

When the location of the called party is not reflected by itsaddress—because the terminating technology supports device mobility(cellular phone networks) or user mobility (e.g., SIP—Session InitiationProtocol)—the originating technology must perform the gateway selectionwithout knowledge of the called party's location, and thus withoutknowledge of the resulting call path. This is sub-optimal as many of theabove mentioned selection criteria require prior knowledge of theresulting call path. As an example, assume a SIP user calls a GSM phoneand the gateway selection criterion is ‘minimize the PSTN call leg’.This criterion is best met by selecting a gateway that is close to theGSM callee; but as the actual location of the callee is not known to theoriginating SIP network, this selection cannot be made.

The above scenarios cannot be dealt with by means of existing gatewayselection techniques. Instead, there is a need for a more comprehensiveconcept of mobility management.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An optimized gateway selection process of the present invention is basedon a universal mobility manager (UMM), a component for inter-technologylocation management. The UMM is capable of holding location informationfor diverse cellular networks, as well as for Internet telephonysystems. For cellular networks, UMM acts as a traditional HLR; for anInternet telephony network, it acts as the entities that are responsiblefor user/terminal registration (registrar in SIP, gatekeeper in H.323)and address resolution (proxy server in SIP, gatekeeper in H.323). Anoptimal gateway selection is possible based on location relatedinformation provided by the UMM which had not previously been available.Utilizing the newly available information enables a gateway to beselected which may, for example, enable the circuit switched portion ofa call to now be minimized.

An exemplary method of selecting a gateway for interworking between afirst and second network supporting different network protocols inaccordance with the invention is described. The method includes thesteps of querying a unified location management device having locationinformation stored therein for users of the different network protocolsand relaying mobile user location related information from the unifiedlocation manager regarding a user of one of the first and secondnetwork. A gateway is selected based on the location informationprovided.

An apparatus for enabling optimized gateway selection for interworkingbetween a first and second network is also described. The apparatusincludes a data server for storing location and service profile data formultiple differing network technologies and at least two networkprotocol gateways for translating incoming location information requestsinto a protocol independent format. A processor is also included forinterfacing between the data server and the protocol gateways, whereinmobile user location related information is able to be provided by saidapparatus for use in selection of said gateway.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete understanding of the present invention may be obtainedfrom consideration of the following detailed description of theinvention in conjunction with the drawing, with like elements referencedwith like references, in which:

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a prior art call setup for SIP tofixed—wire PSTN interworking;

FIG. 2 is an illustration of a prior art call setup for SIP to mobileinterworking;

FIG. 3 is an illustration of a prior art call setup for PSTN to SIPinterworking;

FIG. 4 is an exemplary block diagram of a universal mobility managerarchitecture according to the present invention; and

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of anUMM/multiple-protocol HLR in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 6 is an illustration of a call setup for to SIP to mobileinterworking with UMM in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 7 is an illustration of a call setup for PSTN to SIP interworkingwith UMM in accordance with the invention;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Although the present invention is described in connection with SIP(Session Initiation Protocol) as one example of Internet telephony, itwould be understood that the invention may also be used with otherInternet telephony technologies, such as H.323 and other networkprotocol that would be understood to be applicable by those personsskilled in the art.

In connection with the present invention, a review of existing gatewayselection technology is useful since it shows what techniques forgateway selection are already available and can be re-used for a morecomprehensive approach. Such a review also indicates what kinds of callset-up scenarios are not adequately dealt with in terms of optimizedgateway selection. As for the gateway selection process, three differentcall set-up scenarios need to be distinguished: SIP to fixed-wire PSTN;SIP to mobile PSTN; and PSTN (fixed-wire or mobile) to SIP.

Only the first scenario can be dealt with appropriately by today'sgateway selection techniques, while the other two scenarios have not yetbeen addressed in the to-date literature.

Calls from SIP to Fixed-Wire PSTN

Considerable effort has been spent to solve the gateway selectionproblem for the inter-working scenario that addresses calls from SIP tofixed-wire PSTN. A significant part of the solution to this problem isthe introduction of a new SIP entity, termed a location server. Whenevera PSTN user is to be called, a location request is issued to thelocation server which is responsible for the actual gateway selection.

FIG. 1 illustrates a typical case where a location server is co-locatedwith a SIP outbound proxy responsible for a given domain, e.g.,domain.com shown as SIP Proxy/Location Server 10. In this case, the SIPcaller/user agent 12 sends a SIP INVITE request INVITE SIP:pn@domain.comto the outbound proxy 10 in order to set up a call with phone pn 14which is illustrated by path 1, and the SIP proxy internally asks thelocation server for the gateway selection.

What is important in this context is not exactly how the gatewayselection process is performed but the fact that: 1) techniques foroptimized gateway selection for this type of call set-up scenarios areexistent and already being standardized; and 2) these techniques dependon the location information that is contained in the standard (E.164)telephone numbering scheme. Due to this implicit location information,the location server can base the gateway selection process on knowledgeof the complete call path.

Referring again to FIG. 1, it can be seen that once the location serverhas selected a particular gateway gw 16, it sends a SIP INVITE requestINVITE SIP:pn@gw to the gateway 16 as shown by path 2. Path 3illustrates that the gateway 16 initiates the establishment of thecircuit-switched call leg towards phone pn 14. Eventually, RTP data isflowing over the Internet call leg shown by path 4, and circuit-switcheddata is flowing over the PSTN call leg shown by path 4′.

Calls from SIP to a Mobile Phone

The situation is different than the previous scenario for a call fromSIP to a mobile phone because, for the mobile phone scenario, the phonenumber does not contain any location information. Hence, the locationserver cannot base its gateway selection decision on completeinformation about the resulting call path. This drawback is illustratedby examining a sample scenario shown in FIG. 2.

As in the previous case discussed with regard to FIG. 1, the call set-upstarts with a SIP caller/user agent 12 sending an INVITE request INVITEIP:pn@domain.com to the outbound proxy 10 that also implements alocation server. This communication is shown by path 1. Unlike before,however, the location server 10 cannot know the current location ofphone pn 14, since in this case it is a mobile phone. In this regard,two cases need to be distinguished. In a first case, a call to an ANSI41cellular phone needs to be routed via the phone's Home MSC. In a secondcase, a call to a GSM/UMTS phone can be routed via any arbitrary GatewayMSC. In the first case, the SIP location server will select a telephonygateway on the path between originating SIP user agent and Home MSC. Inthe second case, the location server can select any telephony gatewayand the GSM/UMTS network will automatically route the PSTN call leg tothe nearest Gateway MSC.

Referring still to FIG. 2, once the location server 10 has selected atelephony gateway gw 16 it sends an INVITE request INVITE SIP:pn@gw tothe gateway shown by path 2. The gateway 16 routes the PSTN call leg toeither the ANSI41 Home MSC, or the closest GSM/UMTS Gateway MSC 18 ofphone pn 14 shown by path 3. Path 4 shows that the Home/Gateway MSC 18requests routing information for phone pn 14 from a HLR (Home LocationRegister) database 20. The HLR 20 returns a temporary phone number tpnassigned to the mobile phone 14 shown by path 5. This temporary phonenumber (tpn)—called TLDN in ANSI41 and MSRN in GSM/UMTS—containsinformation about the current location of the mobile phone just as afixed-wire phone number does. Due to the location information in tpn,the home/gateway MSC 18 can issue an IAM tpn request towards the servingMSC 22 shown by path 6. The serving MSC 22 forwards the request to themobile phone 14 shown by path 7. RTP data then flows over the Internetcall leg (path 8), and circuit-switched data is flowing over the PSTNcall leg (path 8′).

To better understand the issues with regard to a SIP to Mobile Phoneinter-working scenario, a distinction should again be made between anANSI41 and a GSM/UMTS callee. As each call to an ANSI41 cellular phoneneeds to travel via its Home MSC, triangle routing cannot be avoided.That is, even if the callee is roaming close to the caller's location,the call path will traverse the (possibly distant) Home MSC. Also, thecommon selection criterion minimize PSTN call leg cannot be met due tothe call leg between Home MSC and Serving MSC. Only the PSTN call legbetween telephony gateway and Home MSC can be minimized, which isclearly sub-optimal. However, the selection criterion minimize Internetcall leg—which can be desired to improve the Quality of Service—can besatisfied by choosing a telephony gateway close to the originating SIPuser agent. Table 1 summarizes the above considerations for ANSI41.

The GSM/UMTS concept of multiple, distributed Gateway MSCs, each ofwhich can request the HLR for a temporary, routable phone number,automatically avoids triangle routing in the PSTN call leg. Selection ofthe telephony gateway that is closest to the originating SIP user agentadditionally minimizes the Internet call leg, and consequently minimizestriangle routing of the complete call path. However, the importantselection criterion minimize the PSTN call leg can again not besatisfied, due to the lack of information about the callee's location.Table 1 also summarizes which selection criteria can and cannot be metin the SIP to GSM/UMTS interworking scenario.

TABLE 1 Gateway selection gateway selection criterion ANSI41 GSM/UMTSminimize triangle routing − + minimize PSTN call leg − − minimizeInternet call leg + +Calls from PSTN to SIP

FIG. 3 illustrates a typical scenario for call set-up from PSTN to a SIPnetwork. In order to make a SIP account addressable from PSTN, it needsto get a phone number assigned. For this scenario, let us assume thephone number pn is assigned to the SIP account SIP:user@home. Before theactual call set-up can take place, the SIP user agent 12 needs toregister the SIP account SIP:user@home with its home SIP server 30 shownby path 0. This registration binds the contact address sip-ua, i.e. theIP address of the host that runs the SIP User Agent, to the logical nameSIP:user@home. By so doing, the home SIP server 30 is enabled to contactthe SIP User Agent 12 when an incoming call request arrives.

As shown by path 1, the originating PSTN 32 sends an IAM pn request tothe telephony gateway 16 that appears as a switch capable of routingcalls to phone number pn. Typically, the gateway 16 will request an ENUMserver to map the phone number pn to the right SIP URL as shown by path2. Once the gateway 16 has received the URL SIP:user@home as shown bypath 3, the gateway 16 sends an INVITE request INVITE SIP:user@home tothe callee's home SIP server 30 as shown by path 4. As the home server30 knows the callee's contact address, it can pass an INVITE sip-uarequest to the current location of account SIP:user@home shown by path5. Circuit-switched media then flows over the PSTN call leg (path 6),and RTP media flows over the Internet call leg (path 6′).

In the above interworking scenario, the originating network's lack ofinformation about the callee's current location has the below-describedimpact on the gateway selection criteria of Table 1. 1) Selection of thetelephony gateway that is closest to the originating phone minimizes thePSTN call leg. 2) This selection policy automatically minimizes trianglerouting. This is because SIP avoids triangle routing through separationof signaling and media paths. 3) The criterion minimize the Internetcall leg cannot be met because the callee's location in the Internet isnot known to the PSTN. Although this criterion might seem somehowartificial, it is indeed realistic as soon as Quality of Service aspectsneed to be considered.

Optimized Gateway Selection

The optimized gateway selection process of the present invention isbased on a Universal Mobility Manager (UMM), a component forinter-technology location management. Referring to FIG. 4, a functionalblock diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a UMM 50 is shown as itrelates to the present invention. The basic UMM 50 includes a core dataserver 52 that stores location and/or service profile data for multipledifferent network technologies. Although the data server 52 and the UMMfor that matter are represented as single entities, it would beunderstood that the relevant data and various components may be storedin more than one physical location. The data server 52 couples tovarious protocol gateways 54 corresponding to the different technologiessupported by the UMM through a core logic server 56. The protocolgateways translate incoming registration and location requests intoprotocol independent, e.g., COPS (common operations) format. The logicserver 56 is responsible for the operation execution of the UMM 50 TheUMM 50 is capable of holding location information for diverse cellularnetworks, as well as for Internet telephony systems. For cellularnetworks, the UMM acts as a traditional HLR (Home Location Register).For an Internet telephony network, the UMM acts as the entities that areresponsible for user/terminal registration (registrar in SIP, gatekeeperin H.323) and address resolution (proxy server in SIP, gatekeeper inH.323).

As discussed, the location management component of UMM is capable ofstoring location information for networks of different protocols e.g.,UMTS, ANSI-41, SIP, etc. Using this information, UMM is capable ofsupporting inter-working among different protocols, unlike a traditionallocation management unit. This ensures that a call originated in anyPSTN can be successfully delivered to any other kind of network, likeUMTS, SIP, etc. The problem of optimized gateway selection for calldelivery between a circuit switched network and internet telephonysystems can be easily solved using UMM. This is because the UMM haslocation information of the caller even in the case of interworking.

A more detailed description of an exemplary UMM can be found in relatedU.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/813,016 entitled Multiple-ProtocolHome Location Register and Method of Use by LaPorta et al., filed Mar.19, 20001, the content of that application being incorporated herein byreference. A block diagram of another embodiment of a UMM ormultiple-protocol HLR is shown in FIG. 5. The MP HLR 101 provides aservice provider with unified user provisioning and service profilemanagement interface, which is shared across protocols. The firstembodiment of the MP HLR 101 includes common data types, a common sourceof data, and common control procedures that are centralized andprojected in different formats to different network types to supportuser mobility across the different network types. Using thisprovisioning interface, a service provider may, for example, manage theprofiles of different network types for a single user.

A database component 201 comprises user locations 203, integrated userprofiles 205, and security information 207 as well as access proceduresused by a database manager 209 to access the data via one or moreconnections to the database component 201. In the preferred embodiment,the database component 201 comprises at least one relational database.Optionally, the database 201 may include information other than userlocations, profiles, and security information, which data may not belongto any particular protocol or network, such as user data relating toother applications. Each data element includes information to sustainall network protocols that the MP HLR supports. Unified management ofuser location information 203 facilitates call delivery betweendifferent types of networks. Unified management of security information207 facilitates authentication between different types of networks.

The integrated user profile database 205 of the MP HLR 101 keeps theprofile of users who have access capabilities to one or more networktypes. A service provider may uniformly manage the profiles of differentnetwork types for a single user through the MP HLR 101. The integrateduser profile database 205 also includes common user data, e.g., username, user identification, and directory number for a user, and commonservice information, e.g., call forwarding directory numbers, that areshared. The integrated user profile 205 in the MP HLR 101 further playsa broader role as a central repository of user and service data.Currently, various data is scattered between somewhat separatecomponents of the network, such as the HLR, SCP, and AAA. The MP HLR 101promotes the simplification and consolidation of these complexinterconnected components into a single repository of subscriber andservice data, upon which feed multiple services and applications.

The database manager 209 uses common procedures and exchanges commoncontrol commands and operations with one or more protocol gateways (PG),performs interworking functions across multiple different protocols, andmanages, accesses, and updates data stored in the database 201. Thedatabase manager 209 provides services as a user location database 203manager, an integrated user profile database 205 manager, and a securitydatabase 207 manager. The user location database 203 manager keeps trackof the location of a user who may be at cellular terminals and/or at IPterminals. The information is used for delivery of voice call, datasession, and a short message to a user. The security database 207manager manages user authentication control for wireless as well as IPsystems. The user profile database 205 manager manages integrated userprofile database and exposes the MP HLR database management interface toother functionalities of the database manager 209. In the preferredembodiment, the database manager 209 comprises a plurality of coreservers that access the database 201 through one or more connections.

The database manager 209 and database 201 may be considered a singledatabase entity. When a PG queries the database, the PG sends thequeries to the database manager 209 to obtain the relevant informationfrom the database. The database manager 209 may be a databaseapplication such as Database Views that provides, for example, SQL(Structured Query Language) or LDAP (Lightweight Directory AccessProtocol) queries to the database element 201.

The database manager 209 interfaces with a number of protocol gateways.Each protocol gateway (PG) receives messages, including requests andqueries, from a particular network. The PG may relay the message if nofurther processing is required, interpret and/or translate the message,and/or generate one or more queries that are sent to the database 201via the database manager 209. All PGs utilize the same set of commonprocedures and commands when querying the database manager 209. The PGsuses common procedures to convert network messages into common commandsor operations. In other words, the same set of common messages isutilized between each PG and the database manager 209, regardless of theprotocol supported by the PG. For example, the MP HLR 101 utilizes aRegister Terminal message when an ANSI network sends a RegistrationNotification, when a GSM network sends an Update Location, and when anSIP network sends a Register (Location Lookup) message. In anotherexample, the MP HLR 101 utilizes a Request Location message when an ANSInetwork sends a Location Request, when a GSM network sends a SendRouting Information message, and when an SIP network sends an Invitemessage.

In the shown embodiment, each protocol gateway supports a single networkand the protocol that network utilizes, and translates or interpretsmessages from that protocol to one of the common messages, such ascommands or operations. Examples of PGs shown in FIG. 5 include a GSM PG211 supporting a GSM network 103, an ANSI-41 PG 213 supporting anANSI-41 network 117, a AAA PG 215 supporting a AAA (RADIUS) server 135,an SIP PG 217 supporting a SIP server 137, and an H.323 PG supporting anH.323 server 139. The various wireless networks and wire line serversthat are shown are examples only, as additional networks, both wire lineand wireless, voice, data (packet or circuit based), and/or multimedia,and so forth, may be additionally included in the MP HLR.

The MP HLR 101 may also include one or more application gateways (AGs),such as the one 221 shown in FIG. 2. The AGs provide an interfacethrough which information in the MP HLR 101 is accessed and notificationof events, such as a mobile unit powering on or arrival of a mobile at acertain location, may be received. The AGs utilize the same commonprocedures, commands, and operations to access the database that the PGsutilize, including interpreting messages and requests from theapplication server 147 and generating queries to the database manager209 and relaying the database 201 responses to the application server147.

The AGs 221 include one or more APIs (Application ProgrammingInterfaces) that interface to one or more application servers 147. TheAGs may support management APIs and programming APIs for the MP HLR 101.Typically, AGs provide services through a non-standard interface. Aprovisioning AG provides service providers with an interface toprovision user profiles through web-based interfaces as well as CORBA(Common Object Request Broker Architecture) based programming interfaceto the provider's provisioning center. Other types of interfaces such asLDAP may be sought when needed by introduction of another type of AG.The interface may also be used by an end-user to update the user'sdatabase entries though a web browser, e.g., supplementary serviceactivation, call forwarding number update, and prepaid service updates,in which case the AG acts as a web server. A mobility service AGprovides third party software vendors with programming API for mobilityservices. The API may be used to develop location-based service systemsfor users with cellular and/or internet access capabilities. The AG isan independent logical entity and employs the MP HLR 101 commonoperation interface to communicate with the database manager 209 andintegrated user profile database.

In accordance with the present invention, the UMM enabled call set-upprocedures for the interworking scenarios call from SIP to Mobile, andcall from PSTN to SIP. It is these scenarios that cannot be handledsatisfactorily with existing techniques. The call scenario of from SIPto fixed-wire phone remains as described with respect to FIG. 1, i.e.,calls from SIP to fixed-wire PSTN.

Calls from SIP to a Mobile Phone

FIG. 6 illustrates the call flow for calls from SIP to a mobile phonecall set-up scenario, using the Universal Mobility Manager (UMM) of thepresent invention. In this scenario, the UMM 50 appears as an integratedSIP proxy/location server to the originating SIP network. Unlike theprior art scenario of a call from SIP to a mobile phone as previouslydescribed, the UMM 50 is not acting as an outbound proxy, but as aninbound proxy responsible for a given domain umm.com.

As shown in FIG. 6, a SIP INVITE request from a Sip user agent 12 for amobile phone number pn arrives at the UMM 50 as an INVITE SIP:pn@umm.comrequest as shown by path 1. The UMM 50 knows the serving MSC of phonepn. This is because in accordance with the present invention UMM hascapability to act as a cellular HLR at the same time. This locationinformation is used to assign a location dependent, fully routabletemporary phone number tpn to the mobile phone pn 14. A significantfeature of the present invention is that UMM 50 can use the tpn toreduce the gateway selection problem to the fixed-wire case. Since thetpn is very much the same as a regular fixed-wire phone number, it canbe used as input for the (fixed-wire) gateway selection techniquespreviously described with respect to a call from SIP to fixed-wire PSTN.

Once a gateway gw 16 has been selected, the UMM 50 sends an INVITESIP:tpn@gw request to the gateway 16 shown as path 2. The telephonygateway 16 sends an IAM tpn to the serving MSC 22 shown by path 3. Theserving MSC 22 forwards the call request to the mobile phone 14 shown bypath 4. Eventually, RTP media flows over the IP call leg (path 5), andcircuit-switched data flows over the PSTN call leg (path 5′).

As can be seen, the present invention methodology provides that the callpath can bypass the callee's home MSC (for calls to ANSI41) or thegateway MSC (for calls to GSM/UMTS), respectively. Usually, theseentities are needed to have the mobile phone pn mapped to a temporary,fixed-wire phone number tpn. Bypassing them gives UMI the freedom toselect a telephony gateway anywhere between caller and callee, insteadof somewhere between caller and home MSC or gateway MSC, respectively.It can now be understood that all of the selection criteria of Table 1are now satisfied as shown in Table 2 for both a GSM/UMTS and a ANSI41callee. Recall that triangle routing had been a problem for ANSI41because the call needed to be routed via the callee's home MSC. Thepresent invention addresses this issue and these considerations aresummarized in Table 2. Advantageously, it is important to note that thiscall set-up scenario does not require modification of any componentother than UMM; this includes the SIP user agent as well as thetelephony gateway.

TABLE 2 Ability to meet selection criteria with UMM call set-up gatewayselection criterion ANSI41 GSM/UMTS minimize triangle routing + +minimize PSTN call leg + + minimize Internet call leg + +Calls from PSTN to SIP

An exemplary call flow for a PSTN to SIP call set-up, using theUniversal Mobility Manager, is shown in FIG. 7. As previously discussedwith respect to FIG. 3 (regarding calls from PSTN to SIP), a SIP useragent sip-ua 12 acting on behalf of the account SIP:user@home needs toregister itself with its home SIP server to make itself reachable asshown by path 0 of FIG. 3. In a similar fashion to the discussion ofcalls from PSTN to SIP, a SIP account e.g. SIP:user@home needs anassociated phone number pn to be addressable from PSTN. Since a firstgoal is to have the PSTN 32 transfer the call control to the UMM 50(acting as a HLR), cellular phone numbers are used to denote SIPaccounts. Since a second goal is to minimize the call leg that is routedbefore gateway selection, GSM/UMTS phone numbers are used rather thanANSI41 numbers. By so doing, the call that originates from the PSTN 32is automatically routed to the nearest Gateway MSC as shown by path 1 ofFIG. 6. This call leg is the only part of the entire call path that isrouted without knowledge of the callee's destination. Had an ANSI41phone number been used instead, the call would have been routed to therespective Home MSC, independent of the caller's location.

As shown by path 2 of FIG. 7, the Gateway MSC 18 asks UMM 50—acting as aGSM/UMTS HLR—for routing information for phone number pn. The UMM 50maps pn to the SIP URL SIP:user@home, and looks up the locationinformation, i.e. the current IP contact address sip-ua of this SIPaccount. The UMM can perform these steps due to its inter-technologylocation information. At this point, UMM has knowledge about thelocations of both caller and callee. Again, this information is used toperform the optimized gateway selection process with the techniquespreviously described, for example, with respect to calls from SIP tofixed-wire PSTN.

Once a telephony gateway 16 has been selected, the UMM 50 requests thisgateway to allocate a new temporary phone number within its range, andto assign it to the SIP URL SIP:sip-ua as shown in path 3. This requiresthe telephony gateway 16 to: 1) manage a pool of phone numbers each ofwhich can be temporarily assigned to a SIP URL; and 2) allow someexternal entity (in this case the UMM) to request the assignment of atemporary phone number to a given SIP URL. For this purpose, a new SIPmessage, ASSIGN, is proposed that carries the SIP URL in the TO} headerfield. The response will return the newly assigned temporary phonenumber. SIP is used because the telephony gateway needs to talk SIPanyway, and SIP can be extended much more easily than the SS7, thecircuit-switched signaling protocol.

Note that this assignment of a temporary phone number for routingpurposes is analogous to what a HLR does to enable the requestingGateway/Home MSC to route a call request to its destination. Actually,this assignment of a temporary routing number is done by the serving VLR(visiting location register), not by the HLR itself. For simplicityreasons we have abstracted from this separation. In this sense, thetelephony gateway needs to implement serving VLR like functionality.

After the gateway 16 has returned the a temporary phone number tpn shownby path 4, the number can be further passed to the Gateway MSC 18, shownin path 5, that had been requesting the routing information. Like anordinary phone call, the Gateway MSC 18 routes the call to the telephonygateway by issuing an IAM tpn request to it as shown by path 6. On theSIP side, the telephony gateway 16 sends an INVITE sip-ua to the SIPuser agent 12 as shown by path 7. Circuit-switched media then flows overthe PSTN call leg (path 8), and RTP media is flowing over the IP callleg (path 8′).

This present invention approach supports minimization of the PSTNcallleg and minimization of triangle routing through selection of atelephony gateway close to the caller, as does the previously describedinter-working scenario for calls from PSTN to SIP. Due to the UMM'sknowledge of the location of the SIP callee, the invention also allowsfor minimization of the IP call leg through selection of a telephonygateway that is close to the callee. Hence, the approach of the presentinvention can optimize the gateway selection process towards criteriathat usually cannot be met.

Issues with Mobile IP

As has been explained, the UMM's knowledge of a SIP user's IP contactaddress allows for optimized gateway selection in the case of PSTN toSIP call set-up. Unfortunately, the situation is more complicated if theSIP user agent runs on a mobile IP host. Here, similar to wirelesstelephony, the IP address loses the relationship to a particularlocation. Instead, it denotes the respective device wherever it roams inthe global network.

With mobile IP, packets to the mobile IP address are intercepted by thehome agent and forwarded to the mobile host's current Care-of-AddressCoA. The CoA can either denote the address of a so-called foreign hostthat is responsible to receive the forwarded packets and to dispatch itto the mobile host; or it can be an IP address dynamically assigned tothe mobile host itself. In any case, whenever the mobile host connectsto a new foreign network, it needs to registers its Care-of-Address withits home agent.

To optimize the gateway selection process in the PSTN to SIP scenario,the UMM needs to know the callee's current Care-of-Address. If routeoptimization is supported—which is optional in IPv4 and mandatory inIPv6—the UMM can simply send a mobile IP binding request packet to themobile IP address in order to learn the mobile host's current location.This request will be answered by a binding update packet containing theCare-of-Address. In case of IPv4, the home agent sends the bindingupdate; while in IPv6, the mobile host sends it.

If route optimization is not supported, any mechanism to query thecurrent Care-of-Address of the mobile host needs to be implemented ontop of the standard mobile IP mechanisms. One possible approach would beto run a demon/server on the mobile host that sends back the current CoAwhen it receives a (application layer) binding update request. However,for mobile hosts that do not run this demon their current

location cannot be determined and thus the gateway selection processcannot be based on knowledge of the entire call path.

The foregoing description merely illustrates the principles of theinvention. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the artwill be able to devise various arrangements, which, although notexplicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of theinvention, and are included within its spirit and scope. Otherapplicable systems include, for example, Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA), High Data Rate (HDR) for CDMA data, Universal MobileTelecommunications System (UMTS), and General Packet Radio Service(GPRS). Additional coupling between devices is possible, although notshown for the sake of simplicity. Furthermore, all examples andconditional language recited are principally intended expressly to beonly for instructive purposes to aid the reader in understanding theprinciples of the invention and the concepts contributed by theinventors to furthering the art, and are to be construed as beingwithout limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions.Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, andembodiments of the invention, as well as specific examples thereof, areintended to encompass both structural and functional equivalentsthereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include bothcurrently known equivalents as well as equivalents developed in thefuture, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function,regardless of structure.

In the claims hereof any element expressed as a means for performing aspecified function is intended to encompass any way of performing thatfunction including, for example, a) a combination of circuit elementswhich performs that function orb) software in any form, including,therefore, firmware, microcode or the like, combined with appropriatecircuitry for executing that software to perform the function. Theinvention as defined by such claims resides in the fact that thefunctionalities provided by the various recited means are combined andbrought together in the manner which the claims call for. Applicant thusregards any means which can provide those functionalities as equivalentas those shown herein. Many other modifications and applications of theprinciples of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the artand are contemplated by the teachings herein. Accordingly, the scope ofthe invention is limited only by the claims appended hereto.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of selecting a gateway to support a callfrom a user of a first network to a user of a second network, the methodcomprising the steps of: querying a unified location management devicehaving stored therein location information associated with the user ofthe second network; and selecting the gateway based on the locationinformation provided by the unified location management device; whereinin the case of an internet telephony device calling a mobile device, theunified location manager operates as an inbound proxy for a given IPdomain to allow selection of a location dependent routable temporaryphone number such that a call path from the internet telephony device tothe mobile device bypasses the mobile device's home MSC or gateway MSC.2. The method of claim 1, wherein in the case of a PSTN originated callto an internet telephony user, a cellular number is used to denote theinternet telephony telephone.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein saidstep of selecting is optimized by providing a selection that minimizesany one of triangle routing, a PSTN call leg or an Internet call leg. 4.The method of claim 1, wherein selection of said gateway is optimized byselecting a gateway that minimizes a circuit switched portion of a call.5. The method of claim 1, wherein said location related information isused to assign a location dependent routable temporary telephone numberfor use in said gateway selection.
 6. The method of claim 1, whereinsaid internet telephony accounts are SIP accounts.
 7. The method ofclaim 1, wherein said mobile location information can correspond to aninternet telephony user.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said locationrelated information provides assignment of a GSM/UMTS temporary phonenumber.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein said unified location manageris operable as a home location register for cellular networks and as auser registration and address resolution device for internet telephonynetworks.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein said universal locationmanager uses a current Care-of-Address for providing said locationrelated information for a mobile Internet telephony user.
 11. The methodof claim 1, wherein one of said first and second networks is circuitswitched network and one of said first and second networks is aninternet telephony network.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the firstand second networks utilize different ones of a plurality of networkprotocols, the plurality of network protocols comprising any of ANSI-41,GSM MAP, SIP, and H.323.
 13. A method of selecting a gateway to supporta call from a user of a first network to a user of a second network, themethod comprising the steps of: providing by a unified locationmanagement device in response to a query for location informationassociated with the user of the second network, said locationinformation used for selecting the gateway, wherein in the case of aninternet telephony device calling a mobile device, the unified locationmanager operates as an inbound proxy for a given IP domain to allowselection of a location dependent routable temporary phone number suchthat a call path from the internet telephony device to the mobile devicebypasses the mobile device's home MSC or gateway MSC.
 14. The method ofclaim 13, wherein in the case of a PSTN originated call to an internettelephony user, a cellular number is used to denote the internettelephony telephone and said internet telephony accounts are SIPaccounts.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein said step of selecting isoptimized by providing a selection that minimizes any one of trianglerouting, a PSTN call leg or an Internet call leg.
 16. The method ofclaim 13, wherein said location related information is used to assign alocation dependent routable temporary telephone number for use in saidgateway selection.
 17. The method of claim 13, wherein said mobilelocation information can correspond to an internet telephony user andsaid location related information provides assignment of a GSM/UMTStemporary phone number wherein the universal location manager uses acurrent Care-of-Address for providing said location related informationfor a mobile Internet telephony user.
 18. The method of claim 13,wherein said unified location manager is operable as a home locationregister for cellular networks and as a user registration and addressresolution device for internet telephony networks.
 19. The method ofclaim 13, wherein one of said first and second networks is circuitswitched network and one of said first and second networks is aninternet telephony network wherein the first and second networks utilizedifferent ones of a plurality of network protocols, the plurality ofnetwork protocols comprising any of ANSI-41, GSM MAP, SIP, and H.323.20. An apparatus for selecting a gateway to support a call from a userof a first network to a user of a second network, comprising: a unifiedlocation management device for providing location information associatedwith the user of the second network, in response to a query for saidlocation information used for selecting the gateway, wherein in the caseof an internet telephony device calling a mobile device, the unifiedlocation manager operates as an inbound proxy for a given IP domain toallow selection of a location dependent routable temporary phone numbersuch that a call path from the internet telephony device to the mobiledevice bypasses the mobile device's home MSC or gateway MSC.